Native American/European Slave Trade Essay

A North American conception of slavery often begins and ends with the forced captivity of Africans. However, slave trading took root in many parts of the world over centuries. In particular, the eras of exploration and colonialism brought the institution of slavery to the forefront of world culture. As Europeans arrived in the Americas in increasing numbers, they found themselves sharing one surprising commonality with their Native American adversaries: the use of human captives for personal and cultural advantage. Brett Rushforth’s â€Å"A little flesh we offer you: the origins of Indian slavery in New France† and James Brooks’ â€Å"This evil extends especially†¦ to the feminine sex† examine the Euro-Native slave trade within the context of two vastly different colonial cultures, Canada (New France) and New Mexico. What common features united these two institutions, and what features differed them? Further, what social and historical factors account for those similarities and differences? Foremost, the New France and New Mexican institutions shared a general outcome in their slave trades: â€Å"cross-cultural negotiation† (Brooks, 281) and the creation of â€Å"mutually intelligible symbols through which cultural values, interests and needs could be defined† (Brooks 281). Indian tribes occupying New France territories (such as the Iroquois and the Ottawa) held a long tradition of utilizing captives as symbolic forces of peace. Warring tribes would offer captured humans as a show of good faith toward their adversaries. The captives served numerous roles: replacing fallen tribesmen (in everything from name to manner), representing retribution for injured tribes, stimulating population growth, and— most importantly—securing alliances with other tribes. When European colonialists arrived seeking Native American trade and military assistance, the New France tribes considered captive offerings to be the ultimate sign of respect and comrade-ship in dealing with their new visitors. In fact, one Sioux chief pronounced the following after offering his European visitors a captive slave: â€Å"No longer regard us as Sioux, but as Frenchmen† (Rushforth, 789). Once the French realized the power of slaves in fostering alliances with the natives, they were able to build some formidable allegiances. Likewise, New Mexican Europeans created strong bonds with local Pueblo, Navajo, and Apache tribes through captive trading. Captive Spaniards and Indians often performed important social functions within their new homes. (Women were the ideal captive candidates for both New Mexico and New France, due to their reproductive capacities). Standard-bearers such as Maria Rosa Villalpando and Juana Hurtado Galvan demonstrated the importance of the captive within New Mexican culture. Both women served as interpreters and emissaries amongst their former and current tribes, and both secured prominent positions within their captive homes. The captured women of New Mexican society also fulfilled important economic roles within the larger society, contributing especially to hide-tanning and other trading enterprises. Similarly, captives in New France worked as domestics, farm hands, dock loaders, and at other semi-skilled jobs. While both New France and New Mexican colonialists both eventually accepted the institution of slavery (with averages of five and fifteen percent for their respective slave populations), they shared an initial reluctance to engage in the practice. For the Frenchmen, slavery was an institution forbidden by their own government. Therefore, they approached any attempted slave trades with the natives with reluctance or even hostility. However, an incident involving Daniel Dulhur (in which a refusal of bartered captives resulted in a near-catastrophic isolation of Indian tribes) crystallized the importance of alliance-making captives for the French. This consideration, combined with â€Å"laborers [which were] scarce and extraordinarily expensive in Canada†(Rushforth, 801), coerced the French government to legalize Indian slave trading in the colonies. Conversely, the New Mexico colonialists were somewhat quicker to engage in slave trading as a means to â€Å"redeem indigenous captives† (Brooks, 281) and â€Å"baptize them into the Catholic faith† (Brooks, 282). They even offered captives the opportunity to become citizens after twenty years of service. Soon, New Mexico villagers would further realize the ability of slave trading to â€Å"foster mutual exchanges with a minimal loss of life† (Brooks, 292). Both societies would soon engage in trade fairs and bartering as if the practices were second nature: â€Å"two good horses and some trifles† for an â€Å"Indian girl twelve to twenty years old† (Brooks, 282). The results of EuroNative trading systems up North and down South differed markedly, with respect to both the slaves themselves and larger society. Captives in New Mexico generally boasted a much more peaceful existence than their New France counterparts. While New France slaves could do little to raise their station in life, New Mexico captives often enjoyed increases in freedom and circumstances (although they shared the stigma of coercive sexual practices with New France female captives). Many female captives, for instance, were able to eventually purchase lands from their captors. The children of said captives also enjoyed full citizenship within their societies (the â€Å"hope† counteracting the â€Å"shame† (Brooks, 296) of sexual coercion), a luxury not afforded to the mixed-bloods of New France. New France slaves were viewed more as objects (whether they were objects of trade or objects of allegiance): â€Å"Here is a little flesh we offer you† (Rushforth, 794). Meanwhile, New Mexico captives were often adopted by their captive families, securing protection and affection from their new families. In fact, many captives chose willingly to â€Å"remain in their host societies throughout their lifetimes† (Brooks, 284), even when they were afforded a chance at freedom. One captive woman even refused a one thousand dollar ransom for her return. On the other hand, New France captives were the constant subject of derogatory terms and â€Å"a life of consistent, coerced, and degraded labor† (Rushforth, 780). In a larger context, systems of slave trading brought derision and division to both New Mexico and New France, albeit with different outcomes. For its part, New Mexico slave trading intensified the caste-like division between mestizos and genizaros and espanoles. Women often feared a return to their previous homes in part due to a belief that they would be ridiculed and outcast by pure Spaniards. Class consciousness did increase in relation to the rising mestizo population, as did the relationship between New Mexico villagers and Native Americans. Santa Fe administrators blamed the rising rebelliousness of the villagers on â€Å"bad upbringing†¦. from†¦the proximity and trade of the barbarous tribes† (Brooks, 293). The emerging alliance between villagers and Native Americans peaked with a joint siege and execution of Santa Fe officials in 1837, when the natives and villagers made â€Å"the same cause†¦. and same interests† (Brooks, 294). However, the â€Å"mixed-bloods† of New Mexico soon found their unique identity and place within larger American culture. In New France, the outcome of the slave trade was more subtle, as chattel slavery gradually emerged as the new trend, thus leading to a system which â€Å"rewarded brutality with valuable goods† (Rushforth, 808). In an ironic twist, the slave system which once served as a â€Å"partial defeat of France’s power over its Indian neighbors† (Rushforth, 808) transformed into an institution where French colonialists â€Å"redirected their impulse for control and domination onto distant Indian nations† (Rushforth, 808). Why did slave trading in New Mexico have a slightly more positive outcome than in New France? For one, New Mexico tribes and societies were â€Å"enhanced by traditions of matri- lineality and social mobility† (Brooks, 287), which put the primarily female captives in a much more secure position within their new homes. The importance of women in the textile culture of the natives automatically raised the status of all women, including the captives. Even captive men could make themselves useful, performing tasks such as gun repairing and saddle-making. The New Mexico captives simply had more opportunity, â€Å"negotiating narrow fields of agency with noteworthy skill† (Brooks, 284). More importantly, the resulting generation of mixed bloods which sprung from slave trading found themselves in a unique position of power, as their manpower and negotiating capabilities proved in high demand for colonialist forces. This new generation carved a niche and an identity for themselves which endures to this day, as evidenced by the musings of one descendent: â€Å"We have relatives in the Pueblos, and out there, in Oklahoma† (Brooks, 301). Within the conflict, the New Mexicans found coexistence—a principle which New France (and its more oppressive slavery practices) could never quite accomplish. References Brooks, J. F. (1996). This evil extends especially†¦ to the feminine sex: negotiating captivity in the New Mexico borderlands. Feminist Studies 22(2), 279-301. Rushforth, B. (2003). A little flesh we offer you: the origins of Indian slavery in New France. William and Mary Quarterly 60(4), 777-808.

Gandhi, King and Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work?

All through history governments and empires have been overthrown or defeated primarily by the violence of those who oppose them. This violence was usually successful however, there have been several situations, when violence failed, that protesters have had to turn to other methods. Non-violent protesting never seemed to be the right course of action until the ideology of Mohandas Gandhi spread and influenced successful protests across the world. Non-violent methods were successfully used, most notably, by Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela. Mohandas Gandhi’s methods not only led to India’s independence from Britain but also had victories over racial discrimination in South Africa. Gandhi saw, upon his return to India from South Africa, that Britain had run India’s people into poverty and subordination. Indians were not allowed to manufacture or own their own salt. This affected the poor population most because of how often they used salt. Gandhi began by writing to the English Governor in India describing his plan to â€Å"convert the British people through nonviolence and [to] make them see the wrong they have done to India† (Document 1). He felt that the â€Å"British rule [was] a curse†. Even though Gandhi spent a total of 2.338 days in prison, he â€Å"did not feel the slightest hesitation in entering the prisoner’s box† (Doc. 7). People followed Gandhi in his protests and many followed him into jail feeling â€Å"firm in [their] resolution of passing [their] terms in jail in perfect happiness and peace† (Doc. 7). While he was in jail, Mme. Naidu, an Indian poetess, filled in his position in leading protests. She encouraged the protesters by reiterating that â€Å"[they] must not use any violence†¦ [they would] be beaten but [they] must not resist†¦not even raise a hand to ward off blows† (Doc. 4). The author felt that â€Å"the western mind finds it difficult to grasp the idea of nonresistance†, but this was not the case. Just 25 years later Martin Luther King, Jr. found his own kind of victory using Gandhi’s techniques. King began his career of peaceful protests as a follower, not a leader. In 1960, he â€Å"toke part in the lunch counter sit-ins† in order to â€Å"bring the whole issue of racial injustice under the scrutiny of the conscience of Atlanta† (Doc 2). King hoped to help not just the African-American population but the white population as well. By 1963, King had been chosen as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which sought to aid in the efforts to put an end to segregation. He accepted â€Å"volunteers to serve in [their] non-violent army† knowing that they would have to â€Å"accept and endure violence without retaliating† (Doc. 5). Their will to fight was from â€Å"the conviction that [they] were right†. King’s followers were so empowered that, for their participation in the Montgomery bus boycott, â€Å"people had rushed down to get arrested†¦ [they] were now proud to be arrested for the cause of freedom† (Doc. 8). King got white and blacks to work together for the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom† (Doc. 11). He wanted them to ‘b able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood†. Nelson Mandela used the same â€Å"Gandhian principles of nonviolence†¦that seeks to conquer through conversion† (Doc. 3). He lived under the strict laws of apartheid that separated the white Dutchmen from the native African population. In similar circumstances as M.L. King, Mandela supported the same acts of nonviolence in order to gain rights for South Africans. He knew that â€Å"attempts at violence†¦would be devastatingly crushed† under the power of the state. At his protests in Johannesburg in 1952, he knew that â€Å"the authorities would seek to intimidate, imprison, and perhaps attack [them]† (Doc. 6) however, like Gandhi, he encouraged the volunteers not to retaliate. Mandela spent 26 years and 8 months in jail as punishment for his protesting however, he felt that â€Å"no sacrifice was too great in the struggle for freedom† (Doc. 9). He spent time in jail with other protesters that all felt that â€Å"whatever sentences [they] received, even the death sentence†¦ [their] deaths would not be in vain† (Doc. 9). Freedom for the South African people from apartheid finally came in 1993. To Mandela this was not just the freedom of his people but â€Å"the freedom of all people, black and white† (Doc. 12). â€Å"South Africa’s New Democracy† rose after years of continuous nonviolence from the populace. Gandhi, King, and Mandela each fought for their causes with a method that was very rarely used but even less rarely successful. Their efforts at peaceful protest without retaliation to attacks were successful in overthrowing trans-continental rule and ending segregation of races. Gandhi transformed the idea of non-violence into a way to fight for freedom and justice which would ultimately end in success and peace.

Biology Ecosystem an Ecosystem Essay

Biology Ecosystem an Ecosystem Essay Biology: Ecosystem an Ecosystem Essay Ecosystem An ecosystem includes all of the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).In an ecosystem, each organism has its’ own role to play. Usually, biotic members of an ecosystem, together with their abiotic factors depend on each other. This means the absence of one member, or one abiotic factor can affect all parties of the ecosystem. A new organism or physical factor, can distort the natural balance of the interaction and potentially harm or destroy the ecosystem. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces. Biomes Biomes are very large areas on the earth’s surface, with animals and plants adapting to their environment. Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils and vegetation. A biome is NOT an ecosystem. If you take a closer look, you will notice that different plants or animals in a biome have similar adaptations that make it possible for them to exist in that area. There are many major biomes on earth. Different Types of Biome:- 1. Desert:-The Sahara Desert is the world’s largest desert, located in North Africa. Very hot and dry with very little rain. 2. Tropical Forests:- Found near the equator in Central and South America, parts of Africa and Asia. Hot, humid with equatorial climate and biggest biodiversity. Almost half of the world’s species (plants and animals) live there. The trees are mostly hardwood. 3. Savannah:- Found in Central Africa (Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania), northern Australia and central South America (Venezuela and Brazil). Hot and dry, mainly grass, scrub and occasional trees. This biome has two distinct seasons - a dry season and a rainy season. During the dry season the vegetation dies and re-appears rapidly during the rainy season. 4. Mediterranean:-Found in Mediterranean Sea, near Cape Town in South Africa and Melbourne in Australia. The climate of this biome is not too hot or cold. 5. Temperate Grasslands:- Mainly found in the Puszta in Hungary, the Veldt in South Africa, the Pampas in Argentina and the Prairies in the USA. Many grass and trees with little large bushes. Climates are temperate continental with mild weather and moderate rainfall. 6. Temperate deciduous Forest:- Found usually across Europe and USA contain trees that lose their leaves. These have a temperate maritime climate, usually with mild and wet weather. 7. Coniferous: Found in Scandinavia, Russia and Canada. Have Evergreen trees, cool climate with moderate rainfall. 8. Mountain:-These areas can be very cold at night and during winter. Trees usually do not grow at higher levels. About 80 per cent of our planet's fresh water originates in the mountains. 9. Tundra:- Surrounds the North and South poles. Extremely cold climate, temperatures often reaching about -50Â °F in the winter, supporting only a few plants and animals. Tundra covers about one-fifth of the Earth's land surface. Food Chains All living things need to feed to get energy to grow, move and reproduce. But what do these living things feed on? Smaller insects feed on green plants, and bigger animals feed on smaller ones and so on. This feeding relationship in an ecosystem is called a food chain. Food

Diante Hardy Hardy 1 Essays (455 words) - Bartleby, The Scrivener

Diante Hardy Hardy 1 Essays (455 words) - Bartleby, The Scrivener Diante Hardy Hardy 1 Mr.Nerney AP English 9 November 2016 Bartleby is a strange guy. The narrator refers to Bartleby as a "pale" man in Bartleby the Scrivener . Bartleby is a scrivener; he does his job well, hardly ever stops working and he gets things done quickly and efficiently. However, he is a man of few words. In fact he is a man of one phrase: "I would prefer not to." He says this to anything that is requested of him other than to copy documents. He actually outright refuses to do anything else that his boss asks him to do. What is to be said or done about the many "Bartleby's" of the world? They come in many shapes and sizes and are misunderstood and boggled about for different reasons. They all trigger a sense of softhearted humanity in all they touch. The narrator of the story is the boss of Bartleby and yet his employer just cannot seem to get angry. Bartleby simply states that he would rather not perform his instructed duties. He does not say in vain but in a sadness of some sort. There is something about Bartleby that calms the reader yet makes them slightly angry over Bartleby's stubbornness. The narrator felt calm but also confused by Bartleby's way of going about things. Although the narrator, an attorney, employed quite a strange few of scriveners to work underneath him, Bartleby was by far the most different out of the whole group. For each time an employer requested for him to examine a copied paper, Bartleby would reply, "I would prefer not to" and proceed with what he was doing at the moment. "I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eyes dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been at least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his mannerhad there been anything ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises." This shows the significance that Bartleby holds, in the way of him making another human think and act. "I would prefer not to" is always Bartleby's reply. The narrator did beyond what most good-hearted people would have done for Bartleb y and finally, he said, "I think he is a little deranged." Humanity affected Bartleby and the narrator. Bartleby handled dead letters and he must have seen humanity and inhumanity with those letters. Those letters left Bartleby dead inside and let nothing after matter to him anymore. He may as well preferred not to live, and the attorney who tried to make Ba rtleby human again was too late. Something so simple and innocent turned out so sad and unclear.

Free sample - Discussion Board 2 Homosexuality. translation missing

Discussion Board 2 Homosexuality. Discussion Board 2 HomosexualityIntroduction Homosexuality has become a very controversial issue in the past few months. Homosexuality has been defined as sexual behavior, attraction and intimacy among people of the same sex more so people of the male gender. It has to do with experience on sexual, romantic and affection attraction. The society has two views on homosexuality. There are people who look at homosexuality as aberration. That it is a disorder which is a pathological behavior. There is another opposing group of people that see homosexuality as a normal deviation in the human condition.   They say that it is determined before birth and that it is natural and normal for those that are thus oriented. This two opposing sides has had a major fight as to whether the condition should be allowed by the society or not. This paper explains why it should not be encouraged in the society. Discussion The question then is: How is homosexual harmful to the society and to individuals? Is homosexual beneficial to the society in any way? Homosexuality has had both advantages and disadvantages. However the advantages are only for those practicing it whiles the disadvantages have impacted both those who practice it and the rest of the people in the society. Most negative effects of homosexuality has been blamed on the society`s unwillingness to support gay relationships. However even if the society had agreed to support them the negative effects would have been worse because many would commit themselves openly to homosexuality aggravating the situation (Clinard and Meier, 2007). Statistics from a research carried out by Kinsey study indicated that homosexual men are likely to commit suicide six times more than heterosexual men. The rate of promiscuity displayed by heterosexual men are very high for instance 75 percent of the respondents admitted that half of those they had sex with were complete strangers. This exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases. Anal sex is a common practice among the gay people. This causes serious physical injuries because it destroys internal tissues and weakens the anal sphincter resulting to serious medical issues. People in homosexual relationships cannot have children except only if they look for partners who are not of their sex. Thus these relationships do not contribute in any way in providing for the society`s next generations and more so they are short lived. They do not have a complementary aspect that is healthy for individuals, children and the society at large. These individuals put the society at pains treating the illnesses they get especially their family members. Heir family members are disturbed both psychologically and financially. Most people in the society who argue for homosexuality and participate in it are positive about it more on the sexual attachment and satisfaction that they obtain from it. They actually know that the practice cannot bear them children nor fulfill their emotional need. In fact this is why those who practice homosexuality do not have long term relationships. This is because they move from one relationship to another because they are interested in the physical gain and satisfaction they get from it as opposed to emotional satisfaction. They know that the practice is more likely to get them infected with sexually transmitted diseases (Stewart, 2003). The question most homosexuals want addressed is why the society will not accept them the same way it accepts the heterosexual people. The question the heterosexual group asks is why the gays cannot stop that practice yet it is harmful not only for them but for the entire society and how homosexuality can be an in born condition yet it was unheard of in the early years. Conclusion These questions can be addressed by consulting the medical and psychological practitioners. It will be important if people understand that the negative aspects of homosexuality outweigh the positive aspects and that the male and female genders are in this world to complement each other. Therefore people should avoid homosexuality as much as possible and embrace heterosexuality which is advantageous. References Stewart, C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Issues .Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Clinard, B.M. Meier, F.R. (2007). Sociology of Deviant Behavior. 13th ed. London: Cengage Learning.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Business Ethics - Essay Example A wrong action results in unhappiness in any or all affected by the case including the decision maker. Utilitarianism will give the argument that an unethical action will result in the pain or unhappiness to the decision maker or other parties involved in the action while a right action is aimed at ensuring all are happy and no one is pained by the decision. The strengths of utilitarianism include being simple and straightforward in decision-making through analyzing if any decision will result in unhappiness and pain and concluding that the action is unethical. Utilitarianism has ethical principles that are easily applicable in the society. Deontology: the decision on the ethicality of an action is based on the moral rules that guide certain actions in the society. Deontology considers a right action as one that follows the moral rules, and subjectivity is not allowed by the decision maker (Boylan, 2014). A wrong is one that goes against moral values and each person in the society consider the action morally wrong. Deontologists would give the argument that right motivations behind a certain action is moral and the decision maker should not consider the consequences of their action but the moral rules guiding the behavior on certain actions to determine their rightness or wrongness. Deontology’s strengths include considerations on friends, family, moral standing in the society, relatives, and all affected by the case. The other strength is that deontology allow better performance o one’s duties and accordance to moral obligation in the society. Ethical Intuitionism: this theory based on the use of intuition and intuitive awareness to realize moral beliefs that a person has to use these moral beliefs as a guide on wrongness and rightness of a course of action. Ethical intuitionists would argue that a choice must be based on the moral beliefs of a person on the rightness of the action. The strengths of ethical intuitionism include

Companies Conflict Resolution in Focus group Essay

Companies Conflict Resolution in Focus group - Essay Example External conflicts comprise of situations and issues seemingly created by others and which threaten personal and professional goals and desires of a person. It is often observed that poor communication among the workers and administrators lead to conflicting situations. â€Å"If resolution to a conflict is to end properly, it must begin properly – by negotiating a solvable problem. Therefore, the act of successful conflict resolution begins with the way the problem is examined† (Erickson). Thus, the best way to tackle workplace conflicts is to provide a neutral platform to the involved parties and thrash out the differences with a mediator with clear intention of solving it. The mediator is a person who facilitates easy communication between two warring groups or individuals with a well planned strategy. These facilitators are experts who specialize in human psychology with good listening power. They are assertive without being aggressive and confront the problems with an open mind which inspires confidence of the individuals involved. They provide an atmosphere that eases tension among the participants and promotes a proactive session where people can put forward their opinions without the threat of a backlash. These mediators often believe in forming focus groups of individuals followed by an interactive session among the group members with the facilitator subtly guiding the group towards resolution of the dispute or conflict and help generate as many different ideas and opinions as possible within a given time schedule. The mediators or moderators are helped by assistant moderator who takes notes and runs the recording of the discussion. Focus group is characterized by its homogeneity with relatively small number of people (normally from 8 to 12 persons) each of who are encouraged to voice their opinions. Main objective of the formation of the group is to go deep into the problem and