History/Industrial Boom Essay

During the period of 1860-1900, there were many factors that helped to promote America’s industrial growth. There were many obstacles that kept America from industrializing such as scarce labor, plentiful land, and expensive labor. Once immigrants started to pour in they would work for a lot less money making industrialization possible. With more manpower, for less money they could increase the production at any place. The building of railroads and machines greatly helped industrialization along with the immigrants working for less money. A huge factor in industrialization between 1860-1900 was immigration. About 23 million people came from other countries and immigrated to the U.S in that time. Most of these immigrants had no skill and no rep in America when they got here. They worked for little to no money making labor very cheap and affordable for industries. The immigrants allowed companies to make money by treating them unfairly and using the money they made to further bu ild their company. Having a machine do a man’s job was great for industrialization. It allowed for a factory to save money and only pay one man, to run the machine, and have the machine do the work of ten men. Having machines made production a lot faster and allowed for less product to spoil saving the factory or company money. The machines were powered by either coal or water power, which were both very cheap. Factories found a way to increase efficiency while also saving money. During the period of time between 1860 and 1900, there were many needs in industry. These needs included communication, natural resources, power sources, cheap labor, and applied technology. According to a pie graph of American in the 1850s, 52% of all power came from animals while only 35% came from water and coal. By the 1900s, the use of water and coal more than doubled to 73% of all power sources. Transportation such as the railroad system was a very important part of industrialization. Transporting material goods could be sped up and could be delivered to farther places. Trains could transport finished goods and raw materials to processing plants. Railroads were a lot faster than wagons, the previous way of transporting goods in America. In the 1860 Republican platform it is evident that the Republican party of the Federal Government was in control during most of the country’s industrial boom. Their platform wanted to impose tariffs, or taxes, on foreign goods to keep America’s spending within its own borders. They also supported the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad allowed goods to be sold throughout the whole country, which in turn increased production and sales. At that point in time, as well as today, time equaled money. Travel times were cut, and therefore money was raked in more than ever before. According to a graph, of miles of railroad track in the U.S from 1860-1900, by 1900, there was almost 200,000 miles of railroad track in America. This was an increase of over 160,000 miles from 1860. The United States was â€Å"on track† to becoming a huge industrial nation. Many different factors between 1860 and 1900 contributed to the industrialization of America. Immigration allowed for cheap and common labor. Railroad systems allowed for faster transportation of goods. Machines found ways to save money and increase production while saving money. These factors along with Republicans being in favor of industrialization allowed for an industrial boom in America.

Decade of Corporate Greed Essay

Ascended in the 1980’s he reinvented Republican policies that favored deregulation and the growth of business in America. These Ideas markedly opposed the views of the governmental interventionist policies of the 1960’s and 70’s with these ideas Reagan hoped to decrease government Involvement and heavy taxes. With these tax cuts Reagan’s thinking was that many new businesses would spawn and that it would have a trickledown effect by not only empowering businesses to grow and hire more people which in the end would benefit all from those on top in the corporate world all the way down to the lowest person in the company in which everyone benefits. This was welcome news not only to the Republicans but also the â€Å"lunch bucket democrats† who were working class democrats who predecessor Jimmy Carter of whom they thought they were ignored by. As a result of this many government services were slashed and created ideas of the government being the problem. With this many republicans encouraged individuals to do good for themselves for the government would not do this for them. With this encouragement of business growth and economic prosperity for as many people as possible individualism became a way of life in the 1980’s. The acquisition of wealth and indicators of it really helped to drive this decade in the 1980’s where it seemed most important to acquire as much â€Å"material† goods as possible. These ideas were also shown in the pop culture world as the artist Madonna made a hit song in the 80’s called â€Å"material girl† a song of the times basically about greed and gaining as material things as you possibly could with no shame of this greed. Also Gordon Gekko the fictional business tycoon in the film â€Å"Wall Street† stands up at board meeting to stress and states â€Å"Greed is good†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Greed will not only fix this malfunctioning corporation called Teldar paper, but also the other malfunctioning corporation called the U. S. of A. † There were even excesses being taken in sports, as Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds had greed of singles, doubles and stolen bases, also greed in gambling cost him his spot in Major League Baseball. It was also in this decade baseball experienced â€Å"free agency† destroying loyalties and players selling themselves to the highest bidder as player contracts doubled from just the decade before. Once these Republican policies had trickled down to popular culture it almost seemed to validate this style of politics, it seemed as if the Republicans ascendance to power had spawned this culture and decade of greed that was so actively embraced by the American public. With this these politicians simply stated that they were just acting in accordance to what the public’s wishes were. With this success that Reagan had in the 80’s America had once again began to reassert itself on the world stage after a challenging decade of struggling in the 1970’s. Reagan is thought to be responsible also for the victory in the cold war that had lasted for decades before his term. The new thinking in the 80’s was not that this was greed but more of what the Republicans called prosperity and success. Some of the negatives of these changes were Reagan deregulated everything which in effect destroyed competition and this created oligopolies. Some examples of these are in the airline industry he deregulated the industry causing every airline in the country, except 2 to become bankrupt, as the deregulation in the broadcast industry resulted in just a few major players like Disney and Clear Channel dominating the playing field. As for under the Reagan administration money in politics became more strong then ever and that still holds true today in the world of politics for it seems like we no longer have elections, we more like have auctions for where it seems the candidate who has the most money to spend on getting their name out is usually the one who wins in these political battles, especially for the Presidency. What this does now and back then in the 80’s where it started is a corporation who might want certain laws or tax breaks passed to better help their needs funds that candidate to get elected and then in turn expects them favors to be returned when that candidate is elected. This new concentration of wealth created a whole new class of millionaires, however on the downside for every millionaire there were several hundred homeless people. With this came more negativity that came with the corporate greed of the 80’s. For these people who became homeless and poor due to these millionaires greed were blamed for dragging down the economy by Republican politicians and their mouthpieces in the media, while the truth we found out later is that indeed it was these rich people who were ripping us off and actually were responsible for dragging down the economy. Going as far to blaming the poor the city of Los Angeles installed a fingerprint system to guard against welfare fraud that cost the city and hardworking tax payers 30 million dollars, and for all of this it caught one cheater. While at the same time â€Å"White collar† crime was rising and costing us more than street crime cost, also doing more damage and arguably causing more deaths. Reagan also had a deregulation of the savings and loans industry which was a total debacle and ended up costing Americans 500 billion dollars which is part of the still current banking problem that is going on today. Unfortunately Reagan also began the practice of sending American manufacturing jobs overseas, another move that made the rich even more rich and greedy and made the poor have even less than they did before. Despite all these negatives it can be argued that Ronald Reagan was the most important and influential President of the last 60 years, loved by the Republicans and loathed by the liberals. Reagan turned half a century of political and economic orthodoxy and turned it on its head. It can be argued that he turned those who were Roosevelt democrats. So whether you loved or hated Reagan there is no doubt that administration and the greed of 80’s is still alive today. My though would be if your rich, you like the corporate greed and excessiveness that took place in the 80’s, however if you are poor you are wondering why this turned out like it did.

Tatutory body

Pursuant to the above, FL therefore forwarded to CT an invoice of pursuant to Clause 10 of the Agreement. However, by Act's analysis, there were errors In the computation of PPTP In the 2009 tax assessment Issued by FIRS. CT Is also In disagreement with the rate applied by your Company in arriving at the royalty due for the oil produced. It was based on these beliefs, that CT forwarded to your Company the sum of and for tax assessment and royalty respectively totaling CT further requested that your Company challenges the tax assessment at the appropriate forum and re-compute the royalty cording to the established rates.It Is on the above premise that your Company the following relief: (a) Declarations on the applicable royalty rate and the correct calculation of PPTP returns; (b) and specific damages for payment of the outstanding tax and royalty sums of Looking at the above relief, the issues in question which were submitted to Arbitration arose out of alleged wrong assessment and c omputation of taxes by your Company due to the FIRS and by extension to the Federal Government of Nigeria. So for all intents and purposes, the claim of your Company before the Orbital Tribunal s in effect for declarations on the applicable royalty rate and calculation of PPTP.The Federal High Court in the recent decision of Federal Inland Revenue Service Vs†¦ Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation & Others opined thus: â€Å"While it is conceded that the Parties are bound by the sanctity of their contracts and the issue in dispute arose out of the Agreement, the question still remains whether Parties can by an Agreement purport to confer Jurisdiction on an Arbitration Tribunal to determine issues relating to taxation of Companies or connected with the FederalGovernment Revenue when such Jurisdiction is exclusively conferred on this Court by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The answer I must say is an emphatic No. In other words, the Constitution of the Fe deral Republic of Nigeria precludes any other Court in Nigeria other than the Federal High Court, not to talk of an inferior Arbitration Tribunal, from exercising Jurisdiction over tax matters relating to Federal Government Revenue.Although in simply parlance, one might be quick to say that given that EDP and FIRS re neither parties to the agreement nor parties before the orbital panel, they do not have the locus stands to make such an application. Furthermore, it is a trite principle of Arbitration law that Courts of Law must not be too hasty to make any injunctions or orders affecting arbitration proceedings. Be that as it may, We wish to draw your attention to the recent decision in Federal Inland Revenue Service Vs†¦ Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation & Others wherein the A.Belle J decided that: incidental thereto. It is not in dispute at all, that the Plaintiff in this case is the traitors body established by Law to wit: Federal Inland Revenue Service (Establishment) Act, 2007 as the Sole Federal Authority responsible for the assessment and collection of Taxes on behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It stands to reason therefore that in any dispute where the Plaintiff perceived that its statutory functions are going to be affected by such dispute it will necessarily have the requisite locus stands to bring an action to seek remedy.So, to my mind in the instant case, it is preposterous to argue as the 2nd- 5th Defendants did, arbitrarily f tax issues arising from production sharing contracts-that the Plaintiff has no locus stands to bring this action in which it alleges that its statutory functions to assess and collect tax for the Federal Government will be adversely affected in the Orbital proceedings between the Defendants in this case, merely on the ground that it is not party to the orbital proceedings.It is the very reason of its not being a party to the orbital proceedings that makes it imperative for the Plaintiff to file this sui t to protect its perceived interest in the subject matter of the arbitration. This Court is not unconcerned at this stage, with whether the Plaintiff will succeed because locus stands of a Plaintiff to sue is not dependent on whether or not its case will succeed. It is against this backdrop that I hold the view that the Plaintiff in this case has the locus stands to bring the present action.On this score therefore, this Court has the jurisdiction to entertain the case. † From the foregoing decision of the Federal High Court, the Court has taken the stance that if the FIRS perceives that its statutory functions are going to be affected by any dispute, it will have the requisite locus stands to bring an action to seek remedy. The Court accordingly held that FIRS had a basis to bring the action and that the Court has Jurisdiction to entertain the case. This therefore means that the EDP and FIRS may be granted injunctive orders restraining continuation of the arbitration.Drawing f rom the above, the decision of the Tax Appeal Tribunal would be binding on CT and its preliminary objection to the Jurisdiction of the Orbital panel would be upheld. ACT The Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (UNCOMBED)'s directive is made pursuant to the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act to enhance the level of participation of Nigerian and Nigerian companies in the country's oil and gas industry. The Act provides for the submission of Nigerian Content Plan to form an essential component of bidding for any license, permit or interest in the oil and gas industry.It contains provisions to ensure that ‘first consideration' is given to Nigerian and Nigerian Companies. The local content gives force of law to the Nigerian Content Policy, which are already part of current oil regulations. The local content act establishes a legal and regulatory framework for the involvement of and procrastination f indigenous oil and gas companies in the award of o il blocks, oil field licenses, oil lifting licenses and other projects. Under the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, rights or interests in an oil mining lease (MOL) may be transferred by assignment.However, an assignment can only be valid where the consent of the Minister of Petroleum Resources has first been obtained following the fulfillment of the relevant conditions. These conditions include that the proposed assignee: Is of good reputation, a member of a group of companies of good reputation, or is wend by a company or companies of good reputation. Has sufficient technical knowledge and experience, and sufficient financial resources to effectively operate under the license or lease.

History - American Exceptionalism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History - American Exceptionalism - Term Paper Example From historical facts we find that American exceptionalism was tangled with convoluted and often ambiguous set of assumptions as it is important in explaining how Americans thought and how they have acted. In the opinion of Tyrrell, some historians attribute the terms â€Å"differences† or â€Å"uniqueness† to the exceptionalism; whatever the terminology, the long debated implications of American uniqueness and difference stems from political, intellectual, and even religious heritage, and is enduring. However, it is of equal importance to understand the â€Å"negative† version of the phenomenon, which means, the US had been exceptionally bad, racist, violent, with distorting unique American evils. Whether or not these assumptions are logical or coherent, as according to Pease, it is clear that exceptionalism is an idea that has prospered the American society, even though with many ups and downs in its tread (107). However, some historians say that the United Nat ions was never truly imperialistic in any manner, but was rather expansionist. The United States was a nation born through revolution against imperial control, and has been ostensibly disregarding imperialism, in their strategies with other nations and its own. According to an opinion, â€Å"instead of trying to administer other nations or peoples in an imperialistic or colonial fashion, the United States, has been asserted, fashioned itself as the liberator of the colonized, launching both a rhetorical assault on the practice of imperialism and a practical campaign to bring about its end† (Heiss ,2002, 511). Lipset explains that only in some cases the nation was seen taking control of territory that was not predestined to be included into the nation, and when it did, was for positive reasons, ruling in a liberal and compassionate fashion, providing opportunities for self-government and ultimately independence when seemed practicable. In their opinion, the United States was n ever an imperialist, rather expansionist, practicing benevolent assimilation, closely following its Manifest Destiny. However, some historian points out the darker side too. In the opinion of York, with all positive influences, of Manifest Destiny, filled with a surge of enthusiasm and energy for pushing West, the negative impacts created the belief within that the white men had the right to obliterate anything and anyone. Looking for the roots of Manifest Destiny across the West would point out the mass destruction of tribal organizations, and detention of Indians to reservation, holding high the belief that settlement of the land and civilization of its native were preordained. In the opinion of Walt, perhaps the basic principle of American exceptionalism can be the belief that they always are, and have always been, the good guys, spreading prosperity everywhere they go. He continues that it is a blind-faith that the United States is a uniquely virtuous nation, a nation that uphol ds peace, nurtures liberty, respects human rights, and embraces the rule of law that is so strict. Many hold the view, connecting it with American exceptionalism, that the nation’s values, political structure, and history are exceptional and are universally praiseworthy, which imply them to take a positive and distinctive role in the world stage. The only thing that contradicts this self-sycophantic illustration of the nation’

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Coursework Example The histogram has got two peaks; therefore we can conclude it is bimodal. The data is not normally distributed, judging from the fact that the histogram is not bell shaped. If we disregard one of the peaks, say the one to the left since it does not have a lot of points around it, then the data would be extremely skewed to the left. From this histogram, we can observe that the mean lies between the two peaks, while the median lies much to the left. However, there appears to be no outliers in the data as none appear clearly on the histogram. The histogram is approximately bell shaped, which point to the fact that the data is approximately normally distributed. The existence of one peak shows that the data is uni-modal, while the median and mean lie around the peak. To the right of the histogram there appears several outliers (values largely spaced from the rest). For this data, the mean does not properly explain the histogram because of the bimodality feature of the data portrayed by the histogram. The standard deviation is fairly large, and equally fairly explains the great spread of values in the histogram. For this data, the mean lies around the peak of the histogram, and this is clearly around 20. The standard deviation is also small compared to the mean, and from the fact that the data are normally distributed , and most values close to the mean and the median, the low standard deviation is

Differences Of Gender Communication Research Paper

Differences Of Gender Communication - Research Paper Example However, women get credit not only for being active listeners but also for responding to anything that they need to say; this is due to the fact that they react in a positive manner to this as compared to men. Women demonstrate attentiveness by means of verbal and non-verbal signs while men tend to avoid these cues that keep on appearing from time to time. The majority of men fail in listening to every single word in a dialogue; when speaking to a man, it is probable for a man to be a dynamic listener, yet when the conversation comes to an end, the same man may ask the name of the person. Considering that the person talking had clearly mentioned his name in the beginning of their conversation. It is even possible for the man to ask once again for the name of the speaker in the conversation; this is a clear indication that this man had been a discriminatory listener, so he forgot the name of the person speaking. Apparently, this happens to be the main distinction between men and women . The second subject at hand happens to be verbal communication; research shows that while men tend to seek status in a conversation, women, on the other hand, seek acceptance. While men tend to speak about their careers, their achievements, and their future, women tend to discuss issues that have a direct or indirect relation to men. Men have a tendency of telling more stories and jokes as compared to women, considering that telling jokes to happen to be a masculine way of negotiating a status. ... However, women get credit not only for being active listeners but also for responding to anything that they need to say; this is due to the fact that they react in a positive manner to this as compared to men. Women demonstrate attentiveness by means of verbal and non-verbal signs while men tend to avoid these cues that keep on appearing from time to time. The majority of men fail in listening to every single word in a dialogue (Crawford, 1995); for instance, when speaking to a man, it is probable for a man to be a dynamic listener, yet when the conversation comes to an end, the same man may ask the name of the person. This is remarkable, considering that the person talking had clearly mentioned his name in the beginning of their conversation. It is even possible for the man to ask once again for the name of the speaker in the conversation; this is a clear indication that this man had been a discriminatory listener, so he forgot the name of the person speaking (Crawford, 1995). Appar ently, this happens to be the main distinction between men and women. The second subject at hand happens to be verbal communication; research shows that while men tend to seek status in a conversation, women, on the other hand, seek acceptance (Barret & Davidson, 2006). This statement is obviously true when a man engages in a conversation with a woman; while men tend to speak about their careers, their achievements, and their future, women tend to discuss issues that have a direct or indirect relation to men. Men have a tendency of telling more stories and jokes as compared to women, considering that telling jokes happens to be a masculine way of negotiating a status. In most of those stories told by men, they almost always turn out to be heroes; conversely,

Risk assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk assessment - Essay Example I had been part of the team presiding over the delivery procedure for a young mother in her late twenties. According to record, the receptionist booked for admission three days earlier to the hospital to have her baby. However, it had latter been identified that she was experiencing false labour pains. The contractions otherwise referred to as Braxton’s Hicks contractions are usually as a result of regular contraction of uterine muscles in readiness for labour (Lisa 2011, p.22). Thus, many people mistake their occurrences to the real labour pains especially towards the closing stages of that pregnancy (Fabre 2008, p. 67). In such a situation, an obstetrics team on duty usually have a superior responsibility of ensuring the wellbeing of both the mother, and that her baby, she is expecting. The medical staff comprising of nurses, obstetric doctor, and physician are all assigned varying duties during delivery procedure, according to their field of specialization. A failure on the part of any of this professional could jeopardise the efforts of every other person in the theatre room, to achieving a successful delivery (Fabre 2008, p. 33). This time she came back with her â€Å"water already broken†; this time to be sure she was ready to have her baby. It had already been determined also, through ultra-sound scan that she was going to have a baby boy. She was anxious and worried, as well. The nurses were going through a hard time calming the woman to ensure a relaxation mood during the birth procedure. This is for regulating her blood pressure (Mary 2008, p.92). An overly excited person can trigger unnecessary muscle contractions and stiffness. At the obstetric department, already the medical test report were out and were showing she had mild backaches and contractions by the time the procedure started, thus the labour pains. This condition is common to confirming onset of giving birth. As much as doctors would wish to maintain a high degree of profess ionalism, we got a report of malpractice case arising in the theatre where a procedure is in progress in helping a patient. The obstetric team comprises not less than five individuals. Unfortunately, the baby ends up developing cerebral palsy. This means that it has developed an extensive brain damage. The reason was as a result of negligence on the part of the physicians. The error occurred during labour as the mother gave birth (Janet 2009, p.65). Normally it is usually a requirement to follow carefully and monitor the baby progress and its status. This is to ensure that the operation patient and the baby in particular do not have any sign of distress. In case of any abnormality, especially in the appropriate air passages, immediate and specific preventative steps are mandatory in an effort to ensure that the baby receive adequate and appropriate supply of oxygen. The mother is usually aware in advance, of the delivery procedure. She gets the information of the entire medical prac titioner attending her and their duties. Doing this enable the doctor to get her consent for the doctor to do his duty (Janet 2009, p.67). However, this failed to happen in the delivery room on that dreaded night. Apparently, the umbilical cord entrapped the baby, making it difficult to receive oxygen. The procedures in the hospital are effective in preventing such cases. The medical staff failed to raise an alarm since the fetal monitoring strips were there to report the distress,

Thearatical model of integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Thearatical model of integration - Essay Example Early behavioral approaches did not directly investigate the role of cognition and person centered processes in the development or maintenance of emotional disorders. Person centered therapy is based on the clinical application of the more recent, but now also extensive research into the prominent role of cognitions in the development of emotional disorders. The term ‘Person Centered Therapy’ (PCT) is variously used to refer to therapy based on the pragmatic combination of principles of person centered theories. New PCT interventions are keeping pace with developments in the academic discipline of psychology in areas such as attention, perception, reasoning, decision making etc. Person centered and/or client centered psychotherapists work with individuals, families and groups. The approaches can be used to help anyone irrespective of ability, culture, race, gender or sexual preference. Person centered and/or behavioral psychotherapies can be used on their own or in conjunction with medication, depending on the severity or nature of each client’s problem. The father of this school of thought was the infamous Sigmund Freud, who about a century ago changed the entire perspective on how humanity used to view the structure of personality. Though largely controversial, yet ironically the words his critics use to highlights defects in him, are also given to the scientific world by Freud himself. By far, his greatest of contributions to the science of psychology is the concept of ‘unconscious’, and his attempt to interpret dreams. Before him, for centuries, understanding behavior was considered to be the job of physiologists and philosophers. It was after him, that truly the birth of an individual science of psychology came into existent, which had concepts, theories and hypotheses, which were specific to the specialization of this science alone. â€Å"Traditional psychoanalysis is quite complex and time consuming,† (Brown, 2000, p. 121). The

Juvenile Prevention Programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Juvenile Prevention Programs - Research Paper Example Example of juvenile crimes that should be prevented in the society includes drug abuse, alcohol drinking, engaging in sexual activities, violent behavior at school and at home among other crimes. The essay below seeks to address juvenile prevention programs, and how they have been implemented in Washington D.C. The essay has also tackled the demographic and crime rate in Washington D.C. In Washington D.C, change in its demographic state has played a crucial role in dictating the rates of juvenile crimes among college students. Statistics have indicated that the increased number of people in Washington D.C has led to increased levels of juvenile crimes. There are a number of juvenile crimes that occur in Washington D.C, among them illegal sexual activities, heavy alcohol drinking among college and high school students, drug abuse cases, among other violent behavior in school and at home. Though the juvenile crimes in Washington D.C seem to be high, the rates have been decreasing over the years according to the statistics given out by the majority of studies on the same. The rate of juvenile crimes in Washington D.C can be compared to the rates in the whole country. A study done in 2003 indicated that the rate of juvenile violence lowered significantly in America as compared to a decade ago. Juvenile arrests reduced by 52% in parts of Washington D.C between 1995 and 2003 (Sewell, 2003). Heavy alcohol intake among college students in Washington D.C brings about negative consequences hence it is better relevant prevention programs to stop them from happening. The behavior results to poor academic performances, negative health well being of the students, negative social behavior, and also second-hand consequences to students who associate with those who take alcohol heavily (Levy & Kremer, 2008).

Whistle-Blowing. Interest in Public Administration, Policy and Ethical Essay

Whistle-Blowing. Interest in Public Administration, Policy and Ethical Analysis - Essay Example Politicians must, as a result, maintain equilibrium between information exposure and the preservation of the incentives of the bureaucrats in order to exert efforts. The tradeoffs can easily be explored with the help of a model of agency decision-making under partial information. It involves an employee's effort which determines a project's type, and a manager which opts whether to approve the project and regulate the employee. With the help of whistle-blowing, an employee unleashes the type to a politician, who may supersede the manager's decision. While whistle-blowing always increments the transmission of information, its influences on employee effort are dependent on the managerial preferences. A key finding states that stronger whistleblower securities reduce effort when the manager is aggressive and may commit more Type I faults than the politician would, however, would increase efforts otherwise. Whistleblower protections, therefore, definitely benefit the politicians if an ag ency is oriented to make Type II errors (Ting, 2006:2). Whistleblowers have chronologically played influential roles in passing critical information from lower gradations of the organizations to higher grade officials. An informal survey of American organizations in recent years delineates that this trend has not subsided. In the year 2002, the Federal Bureau of Investigation staff attorney Coleen Rowley went communal over the bureau's investigation of the suspected 9/11 accomplice Zacarias Moussaoui (Ting, 2006:2). Her account of the way FBI headquarters stifled attempts to examine his activities build assistance for the reorganization of its anti-terrorism attempts. Further, in the year 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) researcher David Graham gave evidence before a Senate committee that the agency had paid no attention to the warnings about the heart disease menaces posed by Vioxx prior to its endorsement (Ting, 2006:2). Such exposures caused crucial destruction to the credibility of the FDA, thereby, generating the demand f or both the stricter drug approval processes and improvised the post-approval monitoring. Such incidents have not been confined to the public sector. In the year 2002, Sherron Watkins of Enron and Cynthia Cooper of WorldCom gained acknowledgement for their roles in unleashing the managerial irregularities in their respective corporations (Ting, 2006:2). Instantaneous with its practice, whistle blowing has enjoyed both the political as well as legal protection. In the United States, the rudimentary securities were first enacted by the Continental Congress, and a centralized entity of the contemporary legal framework dates to 1863, when Congress passed the False Claims Act so as to combat the Civil War profiteers (Ting, 2006:2). The law enabled the citizenry to bring about a suit against an alleged offender on behalf of the government, thereby, sharing in a percentage of the damages awarded. In 1978, the Civil Service Reform Act criminalized the vengeance against the whistle blowers b y creating procedures for altering the terminations of their employment. The Whistle blower Protection Act or WPA of 1989 ensured confidentiality of the whistleblower